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Potential for Exposure to Particles and Gases throughout Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Processes.

Lauren N Bowers1, Aleksandr B Stefaniak1, Alycia K Knepp1

  • 1National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.

Buildings (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 14, 2023
PubMed
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Vat photopolymerization (VP) 3D printing releases hazardous particles and gases. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) post-processing tasks showed the highest volatile organic compound (VOC) levels, impacting indoor air quality.

Area of Science:

  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Safety

Background:

  • Vat photopolymerization (VP) is an additive manufacturing technique utilizing resin curing to fabricate objects.
  • VP processes, including stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP), may release hazardous airborne contaminants.
  • Understanding the indoor air quality (IAQ) implications of VP is crucial for worker safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of different vat photopolymerization (VP) tasks on indoor air quality.
  • To quantify airborne particle and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) technologies.
  • To identify specific tasks and processes contributing most significantly to indoor air pollution.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
3-dimensional printingtasksultrafine particlesvolatile organic compounds

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  • Monitoring of airborne particles, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in environmental chambers.
  • Evaluation of two VP technologies: stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP).
  • Assessment of various VP tasks, including pre-printing, printing, and post-processing steps like resin pouring, printing, curing, and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) cleaning.

Main Results:

  • All VP tasks emitted particles and organic gases, with concentrations varying by technology and task.
  • Maximum particle concentrations reached 1200 particles/cm³, with some aerosols containing hazardous elements (e.g., barium, chromium, manganese).
  • Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) levels were highest during isopropyl alcohol (IPA) rinsing, soaking, and drying post-processing (up to 36.8 mg/m³).

Conclusions:

  • Vat photopolymerization (VP) processes, encompassing both SLA and DLP, contribute to indoor air pollution through particle and VOC emissions.
  • Post-processing steps, particularly those involving isopropyl alcohol (IPA), generate the highest concentrations of TVOCs.
  • Specific VOCs identified, such as acetaldehyde and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, pose potential health risks, necessitating strategic mitigation of indoor air pollution from VP operations.