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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

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BRN1/2 Function in Neocortical Size Determination and Microcephaly.

Soraia Barão, Yijun Xu, José P Llongueras

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|November 14, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Two key transcription factors control neocortex development and brain size across mammals. Their dysregulation causes microcephaly, revealing insights into brain evolution and disease.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Neuroscience
Developmental biology

Background:

Mammalian neocortex size and complexity vary significantly across species.
The evolutionary mechanisms driving increased brain size remain largely unknown.

Approach:

Investigated the role of two specific transcription factors in regulating neocortical progenitor cells.
Conducted comparative studies in mice, ferrets, and macaques to assess evolutionary conservation.
Analyzed gene expression changes and their link to microcephaly.

Key Points:

Two transcription factors coordinate gene expression in neocortical progenitors.
These factors regulate progenitor proliferation and neuronal output, determining brain size.
Their function is evolutionarily conserved across diverse mammalian species.

Conclusions:

Transcriptional regulation is crucial for determining mammalian brain size.
Deregulation of these transcription factors is implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of microcephaly.
Genetic manipulation of these factors results in severe microcephaly.