Attention, Musicality, and Familiarity Shape Cortical Speech Tracking at the Musical Cocktail Party

The "cocktail party problem" challenges our ability to understand speech in noisy environments, which often include background music. Here, we explored the role of background music in speech-in-noise listening. Participants listened to an audiobook in familiar and unfamiliar music while tracking keywords in either speech or song lyrics. We used EEG to measure neural tracking of the audiobook. When speech was masked by music, the modeled peak latency at 50 ms (P1_TRF) was prolonged compared to unmasked. Additionally, P1_TRF amplitude was larger in unfamiliar background music, suggesting improved speech tracking. We observed prolonged latencies at 100 ms (N1_TRF) when speech was not the attended stimulus, though only in less musical listeners. Our results suggest early neural representations of speech are enhanced with both attention and concurrent unfamiliar music, indicating familiar music is more distracting. One's ability to perceptually filter "musical noise" at the cocktail party depends on objective musical abilities.