Peptide aggregation-induced immunogenic cell death in a breast cancer spheroid model

Utilizing multicellular aggregates (spheroids) for in vitro cancer research offers a physiologically relevant model that closely mirrors the intricate tumor microenvironment, capturing properties of solid tumors such as cell interactions and drug resistance. In this research, we investigated the Peptide-Aggregation Induced Immunogenic Response (PAIIR), an innovative method employing engineered peptides we designed specifically to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). We contrasted PAIIR-induced ICD with standard ICD and non-ICD inducer chemotherapeutics within the context of three-dimensional breast cancer tumor spheroids. Our findings reveal that PAIIR outperforms traditional chemotherapeutics in its efficacy to stimulate ICD. This is marked by the release of key damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which bolster the phagocytic clearance of dying cancer cells by dendritic cells (DCs) and, in turn, activate powerful anti-tumor immune responses. Additionally, we observed that PAIIR results in elevated dendritic cell activation and increased antitumor cytokine presence. This study not only showcases the utility of tumor spheroids for efficient high-throughput screening but also emphasizes PAIIR's potential as a formidable immunotherapeutic strategy against breast cancer, setting the stage for deeper exploration and potential clinical implementation.