In vivo quantification of programmed death-ligand-1 expression heterogeneity in tumors using fluorescence lifetime...

Cancer patient selection for immunotherapy is often based on programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression as a biomarker. PD-L1 expression is currently quantified using immunohistochemistry, which can only provide snapshots of PD-L1 expression status in microscopic regions of ex vivo specimens. In vivo imaging using targeted agents can capture dynamic variations of PD-L1 expression in entire tumors within and across multiple subjects. Towards this goal, several PD-L1 targeted molecular imaging probes have been evaluated in murine models and humans. However, clinical translation of these probes has been limited due to a significant non-specific accumulation of the imaging probes and the inability of conventional imaging modalities to provide quantitative readouts that can be compared across multiple subjects. Here we report that in vivo time-domain (TD) fluorescence imaging can provide quantitative estimates of baseline tumor PD-L1 heterogeneity across untreated mice and variations in PD-L1 expression across mice undergoing clinically relevant anti-PD1 treatment. This approach relies on a significantly longer fluorescence lifetime (FLT) of PD-L1 specific anti-PD-L1 antibody tagged to IRDye 800CW (αPDL1-800) compared to nonspecific αPDL1-800. Leveraging this unique FLT contrast, we show that PD-L1 expression can be quantified across mice both in superficial breast tumors using planar FLT imaging, and in deep-seated liver tumors (>5 mm depth) using the asymptotic TD algorithm for fluorescence tomography. Our results suggest that FLT contrast can accelerate the preclinical investigation and clinical translation of novel molecular imaging probes by providing robust quantitative readouts of receptor expression that can be readily compared across subjects.