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What is Climate?

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.

Global Climate Change

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

A Large Ensemble Global Dataset for Climate Impact Assessments.

Xiang Gao¹, Andrei Sokolov², C Adam Schlosser²

¹MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. xgao304@mit.edu.

Scientific Data

|November 14, 2023

Summary

This study provides a high-resolution global climate dataset for long-term future projections, accounting for uncertainties in greenhouse gas emissions and climate change patterns. The data supports regional impact assessments for sectors like agriculture and water resources.

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Area of Science:

Climate Science
Environmental Science
Earth System Science

Background:

Future climate projections are crucial for understanding anthropogenic impacts.
Uncertainty in climate system response and geographical patterns necessitates robust datasets.
Existing datasets may lack the resolution or comprehensive variable coverage for detailed impact studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a self-consistent, large ensemble, high-resolution global climate dataset for long-term future projections.
To account for uncertainties in climate system response to greenhouse gas emissions and geographical climate change patterns.
To provide a resource for regional-scale climate-related impact assessments across various sectors.

Main Methods:

Application of an integrated spatial disaggregation (SD) - bias-correction (BC) method.
Utilized climate projections from the MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM).
Considered four distinct emission scenarios (Reference, Paris Forever, Paris 2°C, Paris 1.5°C).

Main Results:

Generated a dataset with nine key meteorological variables (precipitation, temperature, wind speed, radiation, humidity) from 2021 to 2100.
Achieved a spatial resolution of 0.5°x 0.5° on a monthly scale.
Demonstrated the dataset's capability to represent climate change responses globally.

Conclusions:

The developed dataset offers a comprehensive resource for future climate impact analysis.
It addresses uncertainties in climate modeling and provides detailed regional climate information.
Facilitates risk assessments in critical sectors such as water resources, agriculture, and ecosystems.