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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Smallpox vaccination in a mouse model.

S N Shchelkunov1, A A Sergeev2, S A Pyankov2

  • 1State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki I Selektsii
|November 15, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intradermal smallpox vaccination elicits stronger protective immunity than skin scarification. This method ensures more profound antibody production and better protection against cowpox virus challenges in mice.

Keywords:
intradermal injectionmonkeypoxskin scarificationsmallpoxvaccinationvaccinia virus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • The 2022 monkeypox epidemic highlighted the need for effective smallpox vaccination strategies.
  • Modern vaccines are administered intramuscularly or via skin scarification, but intramuscular routes are immunologically poor.
  • Skin is an immunologically important organ, suggesting intradermal delivery could enhance immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of intradermal (i.d.) versus skin scarification (s.s.) routes for smallpox vaccination.
  • To evaluate low-dose, second- and fourth-generation vaccinia virus (VACV) vaccines in a mouse model.
  • To assess antibody production and protective immunity elicited by different vaccination routes.

Main Methods:

  • BALB/c mice were vaccinated with LIVP or LIVP-GFP VACV strains via i.d. or s.s. routes.
  • VACV-specific IgM and IgG antibody titers were measured by ELISA at multiple time points post-inoculation.
  • Mice were challenged with a lethal dose of cowpox virus to assess protective immunity.

Main Results:

  • Intradermal vaccination resulted in significantly higher VACV-specific IgM and IgG antibody titers compared to the s.s. route.
  • Intradermal injection of both VACV strains conferred stronger protective immunity against lethal cowpox virus challenge.
  • The i.d. route proved more effective in eliciting a robust immune response and protection.

Conclusions:

  • Intradermal vaccine injection is a superior method for eliciting protective immunity against vaccinia virus compared to skin scarification.
  • Low-dose intradermal vaccination with modern smallpox vaccine variants offers a promising strategy for enhanced immunization.
  • This study supports the development of intradermal delivery systems for improved vaccine efficacy.