On-Demand Assembly of Nanocrystals into a Superstructure Library in Co(OH)₂ Single-Walled Nanotubes

The hierarchical self-assembly of colloidal particles facilitates the bottom-up manufacturing of metamaterials with synergistically integrated functionalities. Here, we define a modular assembly methodology that enables multinary co-assembly of nanoparticles in one-dimensional confined space. A series of isotropic and anisotropic nanocrystals such as plasmonic, metallic, visible, and near-infrared responsive nanoparticles as well as transition-metal phosphides can be selectively assembled within the single-walled Co(OH)₂ nanotubes to achieve various increasingly sophisticated assembly systems, including unary, binary, ternary, and quaternary superstructures. Moreover, the selective assembly of distinct functional nanoparticles produces different integrated functional superstructures. This generalizable methodology provides predictable pathways to complex architectures with structural programming and customization that are otherwise inaccessible.