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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

The association between parental age differences and perinatal outcomes.

Victor T Yu¹, Joemy M Ramsay², Joshua J Horns³

¹Department of Surgery, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.

Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)

|November 15, 2023

Summary

Large parental age differences increase risks for adverse perinatal outcomes. Older mothers with younger fathers showed the highest risk, highlighting the need to consider age gaps in prenatal care.

Keywords:

andrology counseling epidemiology fertilization infertility prenatal diagnosis

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Health
Perinatal Medicine
Epidemiology

Background:

Advanced maternal age (over 35) is linked to increased adverse perinatal outcomes.
Advanced paternal age has also been associated with potential risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the association between parental age differences and adverse perinatal outcomes.
To control for demographic and health covariates in the analysis.

Main Methods:

Retrospective cohort analysis of over 20 million births (2012-2018).
Multivariable logistic regression to assess parental age differences against various adverse perinatal outcomes.
Stratified analysis by maternal age categories and parental age intervals.

Main Results:

Significant risks for most adverse perinatal outcomes (excluding congenital defects) were linked to increased parental age differences.
Infants born to fathers 9-12 years younger than mothers (aged 25-29) had a 27% higher odds of adverse outcomes.
Infants born to fathers over 16 years older than mothers had a 14% higher odds of adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

Parental age differences, irrespective of direction, are associated with increased risks of adverse perinatal outcomes.
Older mothers with younger fathers face the highest risks, even when maternal age is below 35.
Clinical assessment of perinatal risks should incorporate parental age differences alongside individual parental ages.