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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:17

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale
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A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan IBB Forelimb Scale

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Persistent elbow dislocation.

Anna E van der Windt1, Joost W Colaris1, Dennis den Hartog2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

JSES International
|November 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent elbow dislocation, a rare complication of acute injury, presents significant challenges. Surgical intervention is complex, often requiring external fixation due to high complication rates.

Keywords:
Coronoid fractureInstabilityLigament reconstructionPersistent elbow dislocationRadial head fractureTerrible triad

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Acute elbow dislocation is common (5/100,000 incidence).
  • Persistent elbow dislocation is a rare but severe complication from inadequate acute injury management.
  • This condition is debilitating, painful, and carries a worse prognosis than treated acute dislocations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the challenges and outcomes associated with surgical treatment of persistent elbow dislocations.
  • To highlight the complexity and high complication rates of surgical interventions for this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surgical techniques for persistent elbow dislocation.
  • Discussion of extended surgical exposure, arthrolysis, and stabilization methods.
  • Consideration of post-operative management, including dynamic external fixators.

Main Results:

  • Surgical treatment involves extensive exposure, arthrolysis, and multi-point stabilization.
  • While satisfactory results are reported, complication and reoperation rates remain high.
  • Post-operative dynamic external fixation is frequently required.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent elbow dislocation management is complex and demanding.
  • High complication and reintervention rates necessitate careful patient selection and surgical planning.
  • External fixation may be crucial for successful outcomes in persistent elbow dislocations.