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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
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Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
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Related Experiment Video

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High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment
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Apolipoprotein C3: form begets function.

Karin E Bornfeldt1

  • 1Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Journal of Lipid Research
|November 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

High levels of apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by hindering lipoprotein clearance. Different forms of APOC3 have distinct roles in atherosclerosis, requiring further study for targeted therapies.

Keywords:
ApolipoproteinsAtherosclerosisInflammationLDLTriglyceridesVLDL

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Elevated apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) levels are linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • APOC3 promotes atherosclerosis, primarily by impeding the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs).
  • Distinct APOC3 pools and forms exhibit varied biological activities and associations with atherogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the differential mechanisms of various apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) forms in atherosclerosis.
  • To investigate the distinct roles of lipid-free versus lipid-bound APOC3 in monocyte inflammasome activation.
  • To explore the impact of APOC3-enriched LDL binding to vascular proteoglycans and the implications of APOC3 glycoforms on CVD risk.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of circulating APOC3 levels and their association with CVD risk.
  • In vitro studies examining inflammasome activation by lipid-free APOC3.
  • Assessment of APOC3-enriched LDL binding to biglycan.
  • Evaluation of APOC3 glycoform patterns in relation to CVD risk.

Main Results:

  • Lipid-free APOC3 triggers inflammasome activation in monocytes, unlike lipid particle-bound APOC3.
  • APOC3-enriched LDL demonstrates enhanced binding to vascular biglycan compared to APOC3-depleted LDL.
  • Specific APOC3 glycoform patterns correlate differently with CVD risk.

Conclusions:

  • Different forms and pools of APOC3 exert distinct atherogenic effects.
  • Understanding these differential mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted APOC3-based therapies.
  • Further research is needed to determine if APOC3 inhibition benefits patients on LDL-cholesterol lowering medications.