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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Oxygen-regulated spontaneous solid electrolyte interphase enabling ultra-stable solid-state Na metal batteries.

Keshuang Cao1, Yufan Xia1, Haosheng Li1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.

Science Bulletin
|November 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

An innovative oxygen-regulated solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) enhances solid-state sodium battery stability. This approach prevents dendrite growth, enabling over 6600 hours of stable cycling and high capacity retention in quasi-solid-state batteries.

Keywords:
Anode interfaceNa metal anodeNaSICONSolid electrolyte interphaseSolid-state batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Solid-state sodium metal batteries offer safety and high energy density.
  • Interfacial instability at the anode-solid electrolyte (SE) interface causes sodium dendrite penetration and battery failure.
  • The Na-Na3Zr2Si2PO12 interface exhibits a non-uniform, high-resistance solid electrolyte interphase (SEI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an oxygen-regulated SEI for enhanced anode-SE interface stability in solid-state sodium batteries.
  • To improve the cycling stability and performance of solid-state sodium metal batteries.

Main Methods:

  • A spontaneous reaction between metallic sodium (with trace oxygen) and Na3Zr2Si2PO12 SE to form an oxygen-regulated SEI.
  • Fabrication and testing of symmetric cells to evaluate sodium plating/stripping stability.
  • Assembly and cycling of quasi-solid-state batteries with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode.

Main Results:

  • The oxygen-regulated SEI is thin, uniform, and kinetically stable, promoting homogeneous Na+ transport.
  • Symmetric cells demonstrated ultra-stable sodium plating/stripping for over 6600 hours at 3 mAh cm-2.
  • Quasi-solid-state batteries achieved over 500 cycles with 95.4% capacity retention at 0.5 C.

Conclusions:

  • The oxygen-regulated SEI strategy effectively stabilizes the anode-SE interface in solid-state sodium batteries.
  • This approach significantly enhances cycling stability and energy density potential.
  • The proposed method offers a promising pathway for developing high-performance solid-state metal batteries.