Recent progress of small-molecule-based theranostic agents in Alzheimer's disease

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Pharmacology
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of neurodegenerative dementia, characterized by complex, multifactorial etiopathogenesis.
• The intricate and poorly understood pathogenesis of AD hinders effective diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
• Theranostics, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, present a promising strategy for advancing AD research and drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and classify small-molecule-based theranostic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
• To summarize the design, chemical structures, and working mechanisms of these agents.
• To propose future opportunities for small-molecule theranostics in combating AD.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of small-molecule theranostic agents for anti-AD applications.
• Classification of agents based on diagnostic modalities.
• Analysis of design rationales, chemical structures, and therapeutic mechanisms.

Main Results:

• Small-molecule theranostic agents are categorized into four groups based on their diagnostic functions.
• Detailed summaries of the design principles, molecular structures, and operational mechanisms are provided for each category.
• The review highlights the advantages of small molecules, including ease of synthesis, biocompatibility, and efficient clearance.

Conclusions:

• Small-molecule theranostics represent a significant advancement in the development of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for AD.
• These agents offer a versatile platform for exploring AD pathogenesis and creating novel anti-AD drugs.
• Further research into small-molecule theranostics holds substantial promise for improving AD management.