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The Relative Risk of Alcohol-Involved Crashes as a Function of Time of Day
1Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (PIRE), Beltsville, Maryland.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
|November 17, 2023
Summary
Driving under the influence of alcohol poses a higher crash risk at night than during the day. Even at low blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), nighttime driving significantly increases the likelihood of a crash.
Area of Science:
- Traffic Safety Research
- Alcohol Impairment Studies
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Alcohol-impaired driving is a known risk factor for motor vehicle crashes.
- While alcohol's impairment of driving skills is worsened by sleep deprivation, its combined effect with drowsiness on actual crash risk is less understood.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the differential impact of alcohol impairment on crash risk during daytime versus nighttime hours.
- To determine if drowsiness, a known effect of alcohol, contributes to increased crash risk at specific blood alcohol concentrations (BACs).
Main Methods:
- Reanalysis of data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk Study.
- Construction of separate crash risk curves for daytime and nighttime driving conditions.
- Statistical control for driver demographics, driving exposure, and other impairing drugs.
Main Results:
- Significantly elevated crash risk was observed during nighttime hours compared to daytime hours at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) ranging from approximately 0.04 to 0.12 g/dl.
- At a BAC of 0.08 g/dl, the estimated crash risk during nighttime was three times higher than during the day.
- Increased daytime crash risk was only apparent at BACs exceeding the 0.08 g/dl legal limit.
Conclusions:
- The relationship between blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and motor vehicle crash risk differs substantially between daytime and nighttime.
- Alcohol's sedating effects appear to play a significant role in elevating nighttime crash risk.
- These findings highlight the importance of considering time of day in alcohol-impaired driving safety regulations and public awareness campaigns.
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