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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Published on: October 5, 2019

Amorphous-crystalline heterostructure: Efficient catalyst for biomass oxidation coupled with hydrogen evolution.

Jia Wu¹, Ke Wang¹, Tianqi Yu¹

¹Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

|November 17, 2023

Summary

A novel catalyst, NiCo(OH)x/Ni/NiMoO4/NF, efficiently upgrades biomass via 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation and hydrogen evolution. This crystalline-amorphous heterostructure offers enhanced activity and stability for sustainable energy applications.

Keywords:

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation Amorphous-crystalline Catalyst Heterostructure Hydrogen evolution reaction

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Developing efficient catalysts is crucial for biomass upgrading and hydrogen evolution.
Existing catalysts often lack the required activity, selectivity, and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a simple method for fabricating crystalline-amorphous phase heterostructures.
To develop an efficient electrode for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation reaction (HMFOR) coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Main Methods:

Fabrication of NiCo(OH)x-modified Ni/NiMoO4 nanosheets electrode (NiCo(OH)x/Ni/NiMoO4/NF) using cobalt salt hydrolysis.
Utilizing the etching effect of acidic medium to create crystalline-amorphous phase heterostructures.
Characterization of the electrode's structure and electrochemical performance.

Main Results:

The nanosheets array structure enhances surface area, active site exposure, and mass transfer.
Strong coupling interactions at the amorphous-crystalline heterointerface optimize adsorption and charge transfer.
The NiCo(OH)x/Ni/NiMoO4/NF catalyst achieves 10 mA cm-2 at 1.34 V for HMFOR-coupled H2 evolution.
The catalyst demonstrates stable operation for 13 cycles with good product selectivity.

Conclusions:

The study provides a facile method for designing efficient and robust catalysts.
The crystalline-amorphous heterostructure design is effective for boosting catalytic activity in HMFOR and HER.
This work offers insights into advanced catalyst design for biomass upgrading and hydrogen production.