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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

Changes in enterovirus epidemiology after easing of lockdown measures.

Erley Lizarazo Forero¹, Marjolein Knoester¹, Lilli Gard¹

¹Department of medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.

Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology

|November 17, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Public health lockdowns reduced enterovirus (EV) genetic diversity. Five common EV genotypes showed decreased diversity and increased sequence homology post-lockdown, impacting viral circulation.

Keywords:

Enteroviruses Epidemiology Funnel effect Phylogenetic analysis Post-pandemic changes

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

Published on: March 28, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2025

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

Published on: January 16, 2016

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

Published on: March 28, 2015

Area of Science:

Virology
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Public health measures, including lockdowns, significantly impacted the circulation of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
The
funnel effect
was observed with some influenza clades disappearing during lockdown periods.
The effect of these measures on the genetic diversity of circulating viruses, particularly enteroviruses, remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of lockdown measures on the genetic diversity of circulating enteroviruses (EVs).
To analyze changes in enterovirus genotypes and their genetic makeup before and after the implementation of public health lockdown measures.

Main Methods:

Enteroviruses were detected in clinical samples using 5'UTR-based PCR.
Partial VP-1 sequences of enteroviruses were obtained for genetic analysis.
Samples from a wide network of healthcare providers across the Netherlands were included.

Main Results:

Five enterovirus genotypes (EV-D68, E-11, CV-A6, CV-B5, CV-A2) showed decreased genetic diversity post-lockdown.
Four of these genotypes exhibited significant sequence homology, indicating clustering.
Children infected with E-11 and CV-B5 were older post-lockdown compared to pre-lockdown.

Conclusions:

Reduced enterovirus transmission during the pandemic led to a decrease in genetic diversity among the five most prevalent enterovirus serotypes.
The findings suggest a significant alteration in the evolutionary dynamics of enteroviruses due to public health interventions.