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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics01:14

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Entropy production limits all fluctuation oscillations.

Naoto Shiraishi1

  • 1Faculty of arts and sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.

Physical Review. E
|November 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates fluctuation oscillations in two-state systems. We found these oscillations are bounded by entropy production, offering an experimentally verifiable inequality for diverse physical systems.

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding fluctuation-dissipation relations is crucial in non-equilibrium systems.
  • Previous work established connections between fluctuations and system dynamics.
  • The behavior of fluctuations in two-state observables requires further theoretical and experimental exploration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the oscillation of fluctuations in two-state observables.
  • To establish an upper bound for fluctuation oscillation relative to their autocorrelations.
  • To provide an experimentally tractable inequality for diverse systems.

Main Methods:

  • Building upon the framework by Ohga et al.
  • Analyzing the relationship between fluctuation oscillation and autocorrelations.

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  • Deriving a bound based on entropy production and oscillation time.

    • Main Results:

    • The fluctuation oscillation relative to autocorrelations is bounded from above.
    • The bound is defined by entropy production per characteristic maximum oscillation time.
    • The derived inequality is applicable to Langevin systems, chemical reactions, and macroscopic systems.

    Conclusions:

    • The established inequality provides a fundamental limit on fluctuation oscillations.
    • The bound is expressed in experimentally measurable quantities.
    • This work enables experimental verification of the derived inequality across various physical systems.