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Related Concept Videos

Plant Cell Wall02:43

Plant Cell Wall

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The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For example, the parenchyma cells of leaves possess only a thin, primary cell wall.
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Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides01:15

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Cell Adhesion in Plants01:14

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Plants have rigid cell walls that are made up of cell wall polysaccharides that mediate cell-cell adhesion. The primary cell walls of plants consist of two independent and interacting polysaccharide networks: a pectin matrix that embeds the second network comprising cellulose and hemicelluloses.
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Meristems and Plant Growth02:36

Meristems and Plant Growth

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Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.
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The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

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Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

The Use of Induced Somatic Sector Analysis ISSA for Studying Genes and Promoters Involved in Wood Formation and Secondary Stem Development
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Functional Diversification and the Plant Secondary Cell Wall.

Joseph B Colbert1, Heather D Coleman2

  • 1Biology Department, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.

Journal of Molecular Evolution
|November 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Genetic functional diversification drives the evolution of plant secondary cell walls (SCW). Gene duplication and divergence are key to SCW biosynthesis, maintenance, and diverse functions.

Keywords:
BiosynthesisGeneticsNeofunctionalizationPlant geneticsPolyploidySecondary cell wallSubfunctionalization

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The Use of Induced Somatic Sector Analysis ISSA for Studying Genes and Promoters Involved in Wood Formation and Secondary Stem Development
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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Genetics

Background:

  • The plant secondary cell wall (SCW) is crucial for plant structure and function.
  • Limited reviews exist on the role of genetic functional diversification in SCW evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of functional diversification in shaping the plant SCW.
  • To examine gene phylogenies related to SCW biosynthesis and maintenance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on gene duplication and functional divergence.
  • Analysis of gene families involved in SCW synthesis and upkeep.

Main Results:

  • Gene families arising from duplication and divergence are integral to SCW biosynthesis and maintenance.
  • Functional diversification is a major evolutionary force behind SCW characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic functional diversification significantly impacts SCW evolution.
  • Understanding gene duplication and divergence is key to comprehending SCW complexity.