Notes on stomach contents of pygmy and dwarf sperm whales (Kogia spp.) from around Japan

The diets of pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales in Japanese waters are poorly known. We report new information on the diets of these two species from these waters based on identifiable hard-part remains recovered from the stomach contents of 29 whales (11 pygmy and 18 dwarf sperm whales) that stranded between 1991 and 2021; those of a further two dwarf sperm whales were empty. The cephalopod (and secondarily fish and crustacean) component of the diets of these 29 whales, based on analysis of identifiable stomach-content remains, is described. The main prey includes cephalopods, represented by 1556 identifiable lower beaks (and 1483 upper beaks), crustaceans (represented by heavily digested, unidentifiable remains), and fishes (as represented by 92 otoliths). Identified prey comprises 30 species from 16 cephalopod families and 5 families from 5 fish orders. Oceanic cephalopods are the main prey of both whale species, particularly Enoploteuthis (Paraenoploteuthis) chunii and Chiroteuthis (Chirothauma) picteti. Prey diversity index values (Shannon-Weaver's diversity index H') are 2.41 for the pygmy sperm whale and 2.66 for the dwarf sperm whale. Although the main cephalopod component in the diets of these two whale species is similar, Pianka's index (0.40), a measure of niche overlap, is not that high, and may be influenced by differences in prey dominance in different feeding areas.