Binary metal oxide (NiO/SnO₂) composite with electrochemical bifunction: Detection of neuro transmitting drug and...

The synergetic effect between dual oxides in binary metal oxides (BMO) makes them promising electrode materials for the detection of toxic chemicals, and biological compounds. In addition, the interaction between the cations and anions of diverse metals in BMO tends to create more oxygen vacancies which are beneficial for energy storage devices. However, specifically targeted synthesis of BMO is still arduous. In this work, we prepared a nickel oxide/tin oxide composite (NiO/SnO₂) through a simple solvothermal technique. The crystallinity, specific surface area, and morphology were fully characterized. The synthesized BMO is used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DPA) and for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As expected, the active metals in the NiO/SnO₂ composite afforded a higher redox current at a reduced redox potential with a nanomolar level detection limit (4 nm) and excellent selectivity. Moreover, a better recovery rate is achieved in the real-time detection of DPA in human urine and DPA injection solution. Compared to other metal oxides, NiO/SnO₂ composite afforded lower overpotential (157 mV @10 mA cm^-2), Tafel slope (155 mV dec^-1), and long-term durability, with a minimum retention rate. These studies conclude that NiO/SnO₂ composite can act as a suitable electrode modifier for electrochemical sensing and the HER.