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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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From Liquid to Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries: Fundamental Issues and Recent Developments.

Zhao Zhang1, Wei-Qiang Han2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|November 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) offer high energy density but face challenges with reactivity and interface issues. Strategies like interface engineering and solid-state electrolytes are key to developing advanced, safer LMBs.

Keywords:
All-solid-state lithium metal batteryInterfaceLi dendriteLithium metal batteriesSolid electrolyte

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium-ion batteries dominate portable electronics and electric vehicles.
  • Increasing demand for higher energy density batteries drives research into advanced chemistries.
  • Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising due to their high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of fundamental challenges in LMBs, focusing on reactivity and interface issues.
  • To propose strategies for overcoming these challenges and advancing LMB technology.
  • To discuss the transition from liquid to solid-state electrolytes in LMBs.

Main Methods:

  • Interface engineering
  • 3D current collector design
  • Electrolyte optimization
  • Separator modification
  • Alloyed anode application
  • External field regulation
  • Solid-state electrolyte (SSE) integration

Main Results:

  • High reactivity and interface instability are critical issues in LMBs.
  • Interface engineering, optimized electrolytes, and advanced current collectors can mitigate these problems.
  • Solid-state electrolytes enhance safety but can introduce new interface inhomogeneity challenges.

Conclusions:

  • LMBs are crucial for next-generation high energy density batteries.
  • Addressing interface issues and leveraging solid-state electrolytes are vital for their practical implementation.
  • Further research is needed to overcome interface inhomogeneity in all-solid-state LMBs.