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Updated: Jul 10, 2025
Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
Published on: July 29, 2014
CFA-treated mice induce hyperalgesia in healthy mice via an olfactory mechanism
Yangmiao Zhang1, Wentai Luo2, Mary M Heinricher1,3
1Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Background:
Social interactions with subjects experiencing pain can increase nociceptive sensitivity in observers, even without direct physical contact. In previous experiments, extended indirect exposure to soiled bedding from mice with alcohol withdrawal-related hyperalgesia enhanced nociception in their conspecifics. This finding suggested that olfactory cues could be sufficient for nociceptive hypersensitivity in otherwise untreated animals (also known as "bystanders").
Aim:
The current study addressed this possibility using an inflammation-based hyperalgesia model and long- and short-term exposure paradigms in C57BL/6J mice.
Materials & Method:
Adult male and female mice received intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and were used as stimulus animals to otherwise naïve same-sex bystander mice (BS). Another group of untreated mice (OLF) was simultaneously exposed to the bedding of the stimulus mice.
Results:
In the long-term, 15-day exposure paradigm, the presence of CFA mice or their bedding resulted in reduced von Frey threshold but not Hargreaves paw withdrawal latency in BS or OLF mice. In the short-term paradigm, 1-hr interaction with CFA conspecifics or 1-hr exposure to their bedding induced mechanical hypersensitivity in BS and OLF mice lasting for 3 hrs. Chemical ablation of the main olfactory epithelium prevented bedding-induced and stimulus mice-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the volatile compounds in the bedding of experimental mice revealed that CFA-treated mice released an increased number of compounds indicative of disease states.
Discussion And Conclusion:
These results demonstrate that CFA-induced inflammatory pain can modulate nociception in bystander mice via an olfactory mechanism involving dynamic changes in volatile compounds detectable in the rodent bedding.
Significance:
Social context can influence nociceptive sensitivity. Recent studies suggested involvement of olfaction in this influence. In agreement with this idea, the present study shows that the presence of mice with inflammatory pain produces nociceptive hypersensitivity in nearby conspecifics. This enhanced nociception occurs via olfactory cues present in the mouse bedding. Analysis of the bedding from mice with inflammatory pain identifies a number of compounds indicative of disease states. These findings demonstrate the importance of olfactory system in influencing pain states.
