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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution
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Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

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Conserved 5-methyluridine tRNA modification modulates ribosome translocation.

Joshua D Jones, Monika K Franco, Mehmet Tardu

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |November 21, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary

    The study reveals that 5-methyluridine at position 54 (m⁵U54) in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is crucial for proper tRNA maturation and efficient protein synthesis, influencing ribosome translocation.

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    Area of Science:

    • RNA biology
    • Molecular biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Post-transcriptional modifications are vital for RNA function, yet many remain uncharacterized.
    • The specific role of 5-methyluridine at position 54 (m⁵U54) in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) is largely unknown despite its high conservation.

    Approach:

    • Mass spectrometry was used to analyze tRNA modifications in cells lacking the m⁵U54 installing enzyme (TrmA/Trm2).
    • In vitro assays assessed the effect of m⁵U54 deficiency on tRNA sensitivity to translocation inhibitors.
    • Cell growth and gene expression were monitored in mutant strains exposed to translocation inhibitors.

    Key Points:

    • Loss of the m⁵U54 enzyme leads to altered tRNA modification patterns.
    • m⁵U54-deficient tRNAs show reduced sensitivity to translocation inhibitors in vitro.
    • Cells lacking m⁵U54 are less affected by translocation inhibitors during growth and gene expression.

    Conclusions:

    • m⁵U54 plays a significant role in tRNA maturation.
    • m⁵U54 modulates tRNA translocation during protein synthesis.
    • This modification is a key factor in maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress conditions affecting translation.