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Frailty in Late Midlife to Old Age and Its Relationship to Medical Imaging Use and Imaging-related Costs: A
Otso Arponen1, Jenni N Ikonen1, Eero Kajantie1
1From the Department of Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Kuntokatu 2, 33520 Tampere, Finland (O.A.); Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland (O.A.); Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (J.N.I., J.G.E., M.J.H.); Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (J.N.I., J.G.E., M.J.H.); Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (J.N.I., E.K.); Clinical Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland (E.K.); Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway (E.K.); Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (E.K.); Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (J.G.E.); Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (J.G.E.); and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (M.J.H.).
Abstract:
Background Frailty, defined as an increased vulnerability to and impaired recovery from stressors, is common in individuals in late midlife to old age. While frailty predisposes individuals to adverse health outcomes and increased health care utilization, how it impacts imaging service use and related costs remains unclear. Purpose To determine whether frailty is associated with greater use of imaging services and higher imaging-related costs. Materials and Methods This longitudinal study included a subset of participants from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study who were clinically assessed up to three times from late midlife to old age between August 2001 and September 2018. A frailty index (FI) based on 41 variables was calculated, and an FI of 0.25 or more indicated frailty. Associations of baseline frailty and its rate of change during the study with medical imaging service use and imaging-related costs were assessed using covariate-adjusted negative binomial and other generalized linear models. Results Of the 1995 participants (mean age, 61.5 years ± 2.9 [SD]; 1074 female participants) included in this study, 569 (28.5%) were identified as frail at baseline, and these participants underwent 10 677 (42.4%) of the 25 172 medical imaging examinations among the participants. Compared to participants who were not frail at baseline, participants who were frail at baseline showed increased use of all imaging modalities (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.28 [95% CI: 1.97, 2.64]; P < .001) and higher imaging costs (log annual cost, 3.26 [95% CI: 2.36, 4.50]; P < .001). Compared to participants with stable or slow change in frailty (<0.0010 FI units per year), participants with a rapid increase in frailty (>0.0064 FI units per year) from late midlife to old age showed greater use of all medical imaging services, independent of FI at baseline (IRR, 1.82 [95% CI: 1.53, 2.17]; P < .001) and had higher imaging costs (log annual cost, 1.62 [95% CI: 1.30, 2.01)]; P < .001). Conclusion The presence of frailty and its progression rate are associated with increased use of imaging services and higher imaging-related costs. © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article.
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