Neurotoxicity of the Cu(OH)₂ Nanopesticide through Perturbing Multiple Neurotransmitter Pathways in Developing...

The copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)₂] nanopesticide is an emerging agricultural chemical that can negatively impact aquatic organisms. This study evaluated the behavioral changes of zebrafish larvae exposed to the Cu(OH)₂ nanopesticide and assessed its potential to induce neurotoxicity. Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling was also conducted to uncover the molecular mechanisms related to potential neurotoxicity. The Cu(OH)₂ nanopesticide at 100 μg/L induced zebrafish hypoactivity, dark avoidance, and response to the light stimulus, suggestive of neurotoxic effects. Altered neurotransmitter-related pathways (serotoninergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic) and reduction of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), glutamate (GLU), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and several of their precursors and metabolites were noted following metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with the synthesis, transport, receptor binding, and metabolism of 5-HT, DA, GLU, and GABA. Transcripts (or protein levels) related to neurotransmitter receptors for 5-HT, DA, GLU, and GABA and enzymes for the synthesis of GLU and GABA were downregulated. Effects on both the glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways in zebrafish were specific to the nanopesticide and differed from those in fish exposed to copper ions. Taken together, the Cu(OH)₂ nanopesticide induced developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish by inhibiting several neurotransmitter-related pathways. This study presented a model for Cu(OH)₂ nanopesticide-induced neurotoxicity in developing zebrafish that can inform ecological risk assessments.