Uniform [¹³C,¹⁵N]-labeled and glycosylated IgG1 Fc expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Despite the prevalence and importance of glycoproteins in human biology, methods for isotope labeling suffer significant limitations. Common prokaryotic platforms do not produce mammalian post-translation modifications that are essential to the function of many human glycoproteins, including immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). Mammalian expression systems require complex media and thus introduce significant costs to achieve uniform labeling. Expression with Pichia is available, though expertise and equipment requirements surpass E. coli culture. We developed a system utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [¹³C]-glucose, and [¹⁵N]-ammonium chloride with complexity comparable to E. coli. Here we report two vectors for expressing the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of IgG1 for secretion into the culture medium, utilizing the ADH2 or DDI2 promoters. We also report a strategy to optimize the expression yield using orthogonal Taguchi arrays. Lastly, we developed two different media formulations, a standard medium which provides 86-92% ¹⁵N and 30% ¹³C incorporation into the polypeptide, or a rich medium which provides 98% ¹⁵N and 95% ¹³C incorporation as determined by mass spectrometry. This advance represents an expression and optimization strategy accessible to experimenters with the capability to grow and produce proteins for NMR-based experiments using E. coli.