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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
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Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

12.6K
The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells
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Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells

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Myeloma and DNA damage.

Giovanni Tonon1,2

  • 1Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Blood
|November 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

DNA-damaging agents are crucial for treating multiple myeloma, a blood cancer. New strategies exploit genomic instability and DNA repair vulnerabilities for more effective therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA-damaging agents have been a cornerstone therapy for multiple myeloma for over 65 years.
  • Multiple myeloma cells exhibit significant genomic instability and DNA damage, even in early disease stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the origins of DNA damage in multiple myeloma.
  • To discuss how targeting DNA damage and repair pathways can be leveraged for novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on DNA damage, repair mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches in multiple myeloma.
  • Analysis of the interplay between oncogenes, cellular phenotype, and DNA integrity in myeloma cells.

Main Results:

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Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells
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Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Identifying DNA Mutations in Purified Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells
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Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells
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Immunofluorescence Imaging of DNA Damage and Repair Foci in Human Colon Cancer Cells

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Visualization of DNA Repair Proteins Interaction by Immunofluorescence
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  • Myeloma cell survival depends on a delicate balance between DNA damage and repair, challenged by genomic instability.
  • Activated oncogenes and unique cellular characteristics, like proteasome dependency and oxidative stress, contribute to DNA damage.

    • Conclusions:

    • Targeting DNA damage and repair pathways remains a critical therapeutic strategy for multiple myeloma.
    • Novel approaches, including synthetic lethality and immune sensitization, offer promising avenues for future treatments.