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Dialysis

Dialysis

Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...

Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation

Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation

The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
GFR regulation involves two primary intrinsic controls: the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms.
The myogenic...

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...

Filtration and Urine Formation

Filtration and Urine Formation

The function of the kidneys is to filter, reabsorb, secrete, and excrete. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 180 liters of blood, initially removing water and solutes but ultimately returning nearly all filtrates into circulation with the help of osmoregulatory hormones. This process removes wastes and toxins but is also crucial to maintain water and electrolyte levels. Most of these functions are performed by the tiny but numerous nephrons contained within the kidneys.

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

A Murine Model of Hemodialysis Access-Related Hand Dysfunction

A Murine Model of Hemodialysis Access-Related Hand Dysfunction

Published on: May 31, 2022

Feedback control in hemodialysis.

Ashveer Randhay^1,2, Mohamed Tarek Eldehni^1,2, Nicholas M Selby^1,2

¹Centre for Kidney Research and Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

Seminars in Dialysis

|November 23, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Automated feedback systems in dialysis prospectively monitor patient physiology to adjust treatment in real-time. This review explores their mechanisms and clinical effectiveness for improved dialysis care.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Biomedical Engineering
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Dialysis requires precise control of physiological parameters.
Current dialysis methods often lack real-time adaptive adjustments.
Intradialytic complications can arise from fixed treatment protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the rationale behind automated feedback control systems in dialysis.
To describe the working principles of various feedback systems.
To evaluate the clinical evidence supporting these advanced dialysis technologies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on feedback control systems in dialysis.
Analysis of systems based on relative blood volume, blood temperature, and sodium balance monitoring.
Discussion of automated adjustments in ultrafiltration, dialysate conductivity, and dialysate temperature.

Main Results:

Feedback systems prospectively measure physiological parameters.
Automated adjustments are made to dialysis parameters in real-time.
Systems target intradialytic hypotension and sodium balance management.

Conclusions:

Automated feedback systems offer a promising approach to optimize dialysis treatment.
Real-time physiological monitoring and parameter adjustment enhance patient safety and treatment efficacy.
Further research and clinical integration of these systems are warranted.