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Related Concept Videos

Colloids03:22

Colloids

17.5K
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
593
Solubility03:00

Solubility

17.5K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
17.5K
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

4.1K
The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place,...
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

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Nonequilibrium structure formation in electrohydrodynamic emulsions.

Jeremy I Kach1, Lynn M Walker1, Aditya S Khair1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. akhair@andrew.cmu.edu.

Soft Matter
|November 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) drive complex collective behaviors in emulsions. These forces create dynamic interactions, leading to clustering, crystallization, and novel structures in 2D and 3D simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Electrokinetics

Background:

  • Electric fields applied to low-conductivity fluids generate electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow.
  • Drops in emulsions experience EHD flow and dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces from neighbors.
  • Interactions between drops are crucial for understanding emulsion collective dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the collective dynamics of emulsions with drops undergoing coupled EHD and DEP interactions.
  • To simulate and analyze emergent behaviors in large numbers of drops in 2D and 3D.
  • To investigate the impact of non-reciprocal interactions in polydisperse emulsions.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of large numbers of interacting drops in 2D and 3D.
  • Modeling of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) fluid flows.
  • Modeling of dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces between drops.

Main Results:

  • In 2D, monodisperse emulsions exhibit clustering or crystallization based on EHD/DEP balance.
  • In 3D, EHD suppresses DEP-induced chain formation, leading to different structures.
  • Non-reciprocal interactions in polydisperse emulsions yield active dimers, trimers, stratified chains, and dynamic sheets.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay of EHD and DEP forces leads to a rich variety of emergent collective behaviors in emulsions.
  • Simulations reveal distinct structural formations in 2D and 3D depending on the dominance of EHD or DEP.
  • Non-reciprocal interactions introduce complex, persistent dynamics, including active clusters and dynamic sheets.