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Related Concept Videos

Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

144
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
144
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

86
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
86
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

118
Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
118
Network Function of a Circuit01:25

Network Function of a Circuit

294
Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
294
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem01:20

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

635
Consider a linear AC Thevenin equivalent circuit connected to a load impedance.
The load connected draws the current, and the circuit delivers the power to the load. The alternating current flowing through the load is determined using the rectangular form of voltages, currents, network impedance, and load impedance. The average power delivered to the load is obtained from the product of the square of current and load resistance.
635
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

82
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
82

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Experimental Demonstration of Secure Relay in Quantum Secure Direct Communication Network.

Min Wang1, Wei Zhang1, Jianxing Guo1

  • 1Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates a real-time, computationally secure relay for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) networks. The novel relay system utilizes CRYSTALS-KYBER encryption, achieving a 2.5 kb/s communication rate with low error rates, paving the way for large-scale quantum networks.

Keywords:
post-quantum cryptographyquantum networkquantum secure direct communicationsecure relay

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum communication
  • Cryptography
  • Network security

Background:

  • Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables secure information transmission but lacks essential quantum relays.
  • Existing quantum networks are limited by the absence of reliable quantum relay systems.
  • Classical cryptography, like post-quantum algorithms, can bridge this gap by encrypting data between quantum network nodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a computationally secure relay for quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) networks in real-time.
  • To address the critical limitation of unavailable quantum relays in practical quantum networks.
  • To validate the feasibility of integrating classical post-quantum cryptography with QSDC systems.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a real-time relay system for QSDC.
  • Utilized CRYSTALS-KYBER, a NIST-standardized post-quantum algorithm, for message encryption.
  • Transmission of quantum states through the relay, with readout in classical bits.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a quantum bit error rate below the security threshold.
  • Demonstrated a QSDC communication rate of 2.5 kb/s.
  • Maintained a time delay of approximately 4 ms for the relay system.

Conclusions:

  • The real-time demonstration confirms the feasibility of a computationally secure relay for QSDC.
  • The developed relay system supports practical communication rates and low error rates.
  • This advancement is a significant step towards constructing large-scale, secure quantum networks.