The practical biomechanics of running

The foot and ankle is a complex structure made of many small bones with capsular and ligamentous constraints. The physiology, kinematics, and muscle interaction of the walking, jogging, and running cycles will be discussed and the current biomechanical literature reviewed. To analyze the pathologic state, one must be aware of the normal stresses and functions of the running cycle. This knowledge establishes a rational basis for the interpretation of problems in providing medical and orthotic treatment.