Mysterious Bamboo flowering phenomenon: A literature review and new perspectives

Bamboo, a globally distributed non-timber forest resource, plays a critical role in local ecosystems and economies. Despite its significance, the understanding of bamboo's long and unpredictable flowering cycles remains limited. Our bibliometric analysis of bamboo flowering-related literature from the Web of Science database reveals an initial focus on regeneration studies, with a recent trend shifting towards microscopic and molecular perspectives. Furthermore, our narrative review emphasizes the importance of considering factors such as the proportion of flowering culms and the duration of flowering in classifying bamboo flowering phenomena. While numerous studies have endorsed the predator saturation hypothesis as a suitable explanation for the synchronicity of bamboo flowering, no existing theory explains bamboo's prolonged flowering cycles. We propose a new natural selection hypothesis as a potential explanation for these extraordinary cycles, underscoring the need for further research in this area. Despite the substantial volume of data accumulated on bamboo flowering, these resources have not been fully exploited in recent research. Future studies would benefit from more comprehensive data collection methods, encompassing field observations, satellite remote sensing data, and omics data. The convergence of traditional ecological studies with molecular techniques may pave the way for significant advancements in bamboo flowering research.