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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Author Spotlight: RNA FISH for Locating lncRNA-SNHG6 in Osteosarcoma Cells
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Changes in the small noncoding RNA transcriptome in osteosarcoma cells.

Hui Wang1, Guiquan Cai1, Fengbin Yu2

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
|November 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study identified numerous differentially expressed small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and osteosarcoma cells. Specific sncRNAs were found to inhibit osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration, offering potential for early diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
OsteosarcomaRepeat RNAmiRNApiRNAsnRNAsnoRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma, a prevalent bone malignancy in adolescents and the elderly, lacks clear pathological mechanisms, hindering early diagnosis and treatment.
  • Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are implicated as a potential source of osteosarcoma cells.
  • Understanding gene expression differences between BMSCs and osteosarcoma cells is crucial for elucidating osteosarcoma pathogenesis.

Discussion:

  • High-throughput sequencing and qPCR revealed significant differential expression of various small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), including Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), repeat RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs), between BMSCs and osteosarcoma cells.
  • Specific sncRNAs, such as piRNA DQ596225, snoRNA ENST00000364830.2, snRNA ENST00000410533.1, and miRNA hsa-miR-369-5p, were found to inhibit the proliferation and migration of MG63 osteosarcoma cells.
  • Functional assays including CCK-8, clone formation, and Transwell assays were employed to assess the impact of these sncRNAs on cellular behavior.

Key Insights:

  • A comprehensive analysis of sncRNA expression profiles in osteosarcoma.
  • Identification of specific sncRNAs that can suppress osteosarcoma cell growth and metastasis.
  • Discovery of potential biomarkers for osteosarcoma diagnosis and therapeutic targets.

Outlook:

  • The findings provide a foundational understanding for the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma.
  • These results suggest novel avenues for the development of early diagnostic tools for osteosarcoma.
  • The identified sncRNAs represent promising candidates for future therapeutic strategies against osteosarcoma.