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Updated: May 5, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy
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Pulmonary function in sickle cell trait.

T A Dillard, J A Kark, K R Rajagopal

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    High altitude exposure did not cause pulmonary function changes in healthy individuals with sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS). Lung function tests like DLco and spirometry remained stable in these subjects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pulmonary Medicine
    • Hematology
    • Altitude Physiology

    Background:

    • Sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS) may be associated with pulmonary function abnormalities.
    • High altitude exposure can cause hypoxia, potentially worsening sickle cell-related issues.
    • The impact of altitude on lung function in individuals with sickle cell trait is not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if high altitude exposure induces pulmonary function abnormalities in individuals with sickle cell trait (hemoglobin AS).
    • To compare lung function changes between individuals with hemoglobin AS and healthy controls (hemoglobin AA) under simulated high altitude conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Prospective study involving 13 men with hemoglobin AS (cases) and 13 age, sex, and race-matched controls (hemoglobin AA).
    • Exposure to simulated altitudes ranging from 1524 to 7620 m in a hypobaric chamber.
    • Pulmonary function tests including diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) and spirometry (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75%) were measured before and after altitude exposures.

    Main Results:

    • No statistically significant differences in baseline pulmonary function between hemoglobin AS and AA groups.
    • Simulated high altitude exposure had no systematic effect on DLco or spirometric values in the hemoglobin AS group compared to controls.
    • Individual declines in FVC or DLco (>10%) occurred with similar frequency in both groups.
    • No changes in pulmonary function measurements were observed after the series of exposures compared to pre-exposure baseline.

    Conclusions:

    • Short-term, serial exposures to hypoxia at high altitudes do not acutely or cumulatively alter diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) or spirometric values in healthy, non-exercising individuals with sickle cell trait.
    • These findings suggest that healthy individuals with sickle cell trait may tolerate simulated high altitude conditions without significant adverse pulmonary effects.