A Microsurgical Arteriovenous Malformation Model on Saphenous Vessels in the Rat

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an anomaly of blood vessel formation. Numerous models have been established to understand the nature of AVM. These models have limitations in terms of the diameter of the vessels used and the impact on the circulatory system. Our goal was to establish an AVM model that does not cause prompt and significant hemodynamic and cardiac alterations but is feasible for follow-up of the AVM's progression. Sixteen female rats were randomly divided into sham-operated and AVM groups. In the AVM group, the saphenous vein and artery were interconnected using microsurgical techniques. The animals were followed up for 12 weeks. Anastomosis patency and the structural and hemodynamic changes of the heart were monitored. The hearts and vessels were histologically analyzed. During the follow-up period, shunts remained unobstructed. Systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate values slightly and non-significantly decreased in the AVM group. Echocardiogram results indicated minor systolic function impact, with slight and insignificant changes in aortic pressure and blood velocity, and minimal left ventricular wall enlargement. The small-caliber saphenous AVM model does not cause acute hemodynamic changes. Moderate but progressive alterations and venous dilatation confirmed AVM-like features. The model seems to be suitable for studying further the progression, enlargement, or destabilization of AVM.