A New Theory about Interfacial Proton Diffusion Revisited: The Commonly Accepted Laws of Electrostatics and Diffusion...

The high propensity of protons to stay at interfaces has attracted much attention over the decades. It enables long-range interfacial proton diffusion without relying on titratable residues or electrostatic attraction. As a result, various phenomena manifest themselves, ranging from spillover in material sciences to local proton circuits between proton pumps and ATP synthases in bioenergetics. In an attempt to replace all existing theoretical and experimental insight into the origin of protons' preference for interfaces, TELP, the "Transmembrane Electrostatically-Localized Protons" hypothesis, has been proposed. The TELP hypothesis envisions static H⁺ and OH^- layers on opposite sides of interfaces that are up to 75 µm thick. Yet, the separation at which the electrostatic interaction between two elementary charges is comparable in magnitude to the thermal energy is more than two orders of magnitude smaller and, as a result, the H⁺ and OH^- layers cannot mutually stabilize each other, rendering proton accumulation at the interface energetically unfavorable. We show that (i) the law of electroneutrality, (ii) Fick's law of diffusion, and (iii) Coulomb's law prevail. Using them does not hinder but helps to interpret previously published experimental results, and also helps us understand the high entropy release barrier enabling long-range proton diffusion along the membrane surface.