Challenges and Opportunities in One Health: Google Trends Search Data

Google Trends data can be informative for zoonotic disease incidences, including Lyme disease. However, the use of Google Trends for predictive purposes is underutilized. In this study, we demonstrate the potential to use Google Trends for zoonotic disease prediction by predicting monthly state-level Lyme disease case counts in the United States. We requested Lyme disease data for the years 2010-2021. We downloaded Google Trends search data on terms for Lyme disease, symptoms of Lyme disease, and diseases with similar symptoms to Lyme disease. For each search term, we built an expanding window negative binomial model that adjusted for seasonal differences using a lag term. Performance was measured by Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSEs) and the visual associations between observed and predicted case counts. The highest performing model had excellent predictive ability in some states, but performance varied across states. The highest performing models were for Lyme disease search terms, which indicates the high specificity of search terms. We outline challenges of using Google Trends data, including data availability and a mismatch between geographic units. We discuss opportunities for Google Trends data for One Health research, including prediction of additional zoonotic diseases and incorporating environmental and companion animal data. Lastly, we recommend that Google Trends be explored as an option for predicting other zoonotic diseases and incorporate other data streams that may improve predictive performance.