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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
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Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Vincenzo Garofalo1, Rosita A Condorelli1, Rossella Cannarella1,2

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.

Nutrients
|November 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Iron deficiency (ID) is linked to lower thyroid hormone levels, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3). This deficiency also increases thyroid autoimmunity, particularly in pregnant women.

Keywords:
hypothyroidismiron deficiencythyroid diseasethyroid dysfunctionthyroid function

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Iron deficiency (ID) is a global health concern, with low serum ferritin (SF) potentially impacting thyroid function.
  • Understanding the relationship between ID and thyroid health is crucial for public health initiatives.

Approach:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of ten cross-sectional studies was conducted.
  • The study evaluated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels in individuals with and without ID.
  • Subgroup analyses were performed for pregnant and non-pregnant women, alongside meta-regression to explore correlations between SF and thyroid hormones.

Key Points:

  • Individuals with ID exhibited significantly lower TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels compared to controls.
  • Pregnant women with ID showed decreased TSH, FT4, and FT3, while non-pregnant women had lower FT4 and FT3 but unchanged TSH.
  • ID was associated with a higher prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies, including anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests a link between ID, impaired thyroid function, and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Iron plays a role in thyroid metabolism, with ID potentially leading to reduced thyroid hormone levels, especially in pregnant populations.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of iron's influence on thyroid health.