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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
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Diffusion-Controlled Reactions: An Overview.

Denis S Grebenkov1

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 25, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers the 100-year evolution of diffusion-controlled reaction theory, from von Smoluchowski

Keywords:
Brownian motionbiochemistryconfinementdiffusionencounter-based approachencounter-dependent reactivitygeometric complexityheterogeneous catalysisreversible reactionssurface reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Kinetics
  • Theoretical Chemistry

Background:

  • Diffusion significantly impacts chemical reaction rates.
  • Early theories focused on simple models.
  • Complex systems require advanced theoretical frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of diffusion-controlled reaction theory.
  • To discuss various extensions and alternative approaches.
  • To outline future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of seminal and recent works.
  • Discussion of mathematical frameworks for diffusion-controlled reactions.
  • Introduction to the encounter-based approach.

Main Results:

  • Key milestones in diffusion-controlled reaction theory are presented.
  • Perfect and imperfect surface reactions are analyzed.
  • Extensions like single-molecule schemes and anomalous diffusion are covered.

Conclusions:

  • The theory has evolved significantly over a century.
  • The encounter-based approach offers potential advantages.
  • Open problems and future research avenues are identified.