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Endogenous Viral Elements in Ixodid Tick Genomes.

Miranda Barnes1, Dana C Price1

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Summary

Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) in ticks reveal diverse viral origins and shared ancestry, offering insights into host-virus interactions and potential pathogen surveillance. These viral fossils aid in understanding tick-borne disease dynamics.

Keywords:
BunyaviralesIxodesMononegaviralesRhabdoviridaearthropod virusesendogenous viral elementspaleovirologyticks

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Virology
  • Arthropod biology

Background:

  • Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are virus-derived genetic material integrated into host genomes.
  • EVEs and their derived small RNAs play roles in RNA interference (RNAi) pathways, influencing host defense against viral infections.
  • Understanding EVEs in arthropods, particularly disease vectors like ticks, is crucial for comprehending host-pathogen interactions and vector competence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize endogenous viral elements (EVEs) across nine hard tick species using bioinformatic approaches.
  • To investigate the diversity of viral taxa that have contributed to EVEs in ticks.
  • To explore the evolutionary relationships and shared ancestry of identified EVEs.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of nine available hard tick genome sequences.
  • Identification and classification of endogenous viral elements (EVEs).
  • Comparative analysis to determine viral diversity and shared ancestry of EVEs.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 1234 EVEs across the analyzed tick genomes, originating from a broad diversity of viral taxa.
  • Significant representation of Mononegavirales (Rhabdoviridae) and extensive Adintovirus integrations in Ixodes species.
  • Prevalence of Bunyavirales EVEs in ticks, with some elements resembling known human and veterinary pathogens.

Conclusions:

  • Tick genomes harbor a rich history of viral integrations, reflecting diverse ancestral viral exposures.
  • The identified EVEs provide insights into past viral infections and potential mechanisms of viral defense in ticks.
  • These findings serve as a valuable reference for tick-omics data quality control and understanding tick-borne pathogen evolution.