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Related Concept Videos

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application
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Flexible Polyurethane Foams from Bio-Based Polyols: Prepolymer Synthesis and Characterization.

Simona Losio1, Angelica Cifarelli1, Adriano Vignali1

  • 1Institute for Chemical Sciences and Technologies "G. Natta" National Research Council, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy.

Polymers
|November 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Novel bio-polyols (BPOs) derived from plant oils were synthesized and used to create polyurethane (PU) foams. These sustainable foams exhibit enhanced mechanical properties, offering a promising alternative to petroleum-based materials.

Keywords:
NMRbio-polyolsflexible polyurethane foamsprepolymer synthesis and characterizationthermal and mechanical propertiestoluene diisocyanate (TDI)

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Petroleum-based polyurethanes face environmental concerns.
  • Bio-polyols (BPOs) offer a sustainable alternative derived from renewable resources.
  • Developing high-performance BPOs is crucial for their widespread adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel bio-polyols (BPOs) from epoxidized plant oils and carboxylic acids.
  • To produce polyurethane (PU) foams using these BPOs via a quasi-prepolymer method.
  • To evaluate the structural and mechanical properties of the synthesized PU foams.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of BPOs from epoxidized soybean/linseed oils and caprylic/3-phenyl butyric acid.
  • Production of PU foams using a two-step quasi-prepolymer method with toluene diisocyanate.
  • Characterization of prepolymers by SEC and solution NMR.
  • Analysis of foam density, cell structure, Young's modulus, and compression deflection.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized BPOs with specific hydroxyl numbers, narrow polydispersity, and low molecular mass.
  • Produced open-cell PU foams with uniform structure and densities between 40-90 kg/m³.
  • Foams derived from aromatic acid showed higher density.
  • Demonstrated superior mechanical properties (Young's moduli, compression deflection) compared to reference foams.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized BPOs are effective building blocks for high-performance PU foams.
  • These novel polyurethanes show significant potential to replace petroleum-based materials.
  • This research contributes to the development of sustainable and advanced polymer materials.