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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phases of Wound Repair01:28

Phases of Wound Repair

Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
Formation of Blood Clot
In case of deep injuries, trauma to blood vessels results in blood loss. In the meantime, phospholipids released from the ruptured endothelial cellular membrane are converted into arachidonic...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...

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Ionenes as Potential Phase Change Materials with Self-Healing Behavior.

Carolina Arriaza-Echanes1, María V Velázquez-Tundidor2, Alejandro Angel-López1

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|November 25, 2023
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New poly(ionic liquids), or ionenes, show promise as solid-solid phase change materials for thermal management. Their thermal stability and tunable properties make them suitable for electronic device applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Thermal Engineering

Background:

  • Ionenes, a class of poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), feature ionic groups on a polymer backbone.
  • Their application as solid-solid phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal dissipation in electronics is an emerging research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel ionenes for potential use as solid-solid PCMs.
  • To investigate the influence of monomer structure on the thermal properties of ionenes.
  • To evaluate their suitability for thermal management applications in electronic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Eight ionenes were synthesized via Menshutkin reactions.
  • Thermal properties were analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
  • Solubility, hydrophilicity (contact angle method), and surface energy were assessed. Preliminary self-healing behavior was explored.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized ionenes exhibited high thermal stability, with T10% exceeding 420 °C.
  • DSC analysis confirmed solid-solid phase transitions, with no evidence of solid-liquid transitions.
  • Ionenes demonstrated solubility in polar aprotic solvents and tunable surface properties.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized ionenes possess excellent thermal stability and undergo solid-solid phase transitions.
  • Their properties can be tailored by modifying the aliphatic dihalogenated monomer and carbon chain length.
  • These ionenes are promising candidates for solid-solid phase change material applications in thermal management.