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Trabecula-level mechanoadaptation: Numerical analysis of morphological changes.

Ekaterina Smotrova1, Simin Li2, Vadim V Silberschmidt2

  • 1Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK; Laboratory of Mechanics of Biocompatible Materials and Devices, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Ave., 29, Perm, 614000, Russia.

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|November 25, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone trabeculae adapt their shape and structure to mechanical loads through six mechanisms, improving stiffness and reducing stress. This research details these load-driven changes at the individual trabecula level.

Keywords:
AbaqusBone adaptationFinite elementFortranIndividual trabeculaTrabecular morphology

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Bone is a dynamic living material that adapts its structure and mechanical properties in response to mechanical loading.
  • Trabecular bone adaptation typically involves enhanced stiffness and realignment of its architecture along loading directions.
  • While tissue- and organ-level adaptation is well-studied, the adaptation processes at the individual trabecula level remain less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe and classify load-driven morphological changes occurring at the individual trabecula level.
  • To identify the primary drivers behind these morphological adaptations in trabeculae.
  • To investigate the mechanical consequences of these adaptations on trabecular bone.

Main Methods:

  • A mechanoregulation-based numerical model of bone adaptation was implemented.
  • A user-defined subroutine modified trabecular properties based on mechanical stimulus magnitude.
  • Finite-element models of various trabeculae shapes under compression or shear loading were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Trabeculae exhibited morphological evolution, including reorientation, splitting, merging, resorption, thinning, and thickening, under compressive or shear loading.
  • Six distinct mechanisms of morphological evolution were identified across twelve analyzed cases.
  • Simulated adaptations consistently reduced mean von Mises stress and enhanced resistance to loading.

Conclusions:

  • Trabeculae undergo significant morphological changes in response to mechanical stimuli.
  • These adaptive mechanisms enhance the mechanical integrity and load-bearing capacity of trabecular bone.
  • Understanding adaptation at the trabecula level provides insights into bone's resilience and mechanobiology.