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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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[Focal congenital hyperinsulinism].

Zsuzsa Tallós1, Andrea Luczay1, Lídia Balogh1

  • 11 Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar, Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest, Bókay János u. 53., 1083 Magyarország.

Orvosi Hetilap
|November 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Congenital hyperinsulinism in infants can be cured by surgically removing focal pancreatic lesions. Early diagnosis using genetic testing and PET/CT imaging is crucial for successful treatment and preventing brain damage.

Keywords:
18F-DOPA PET/CTfocal congenital hyperinsulinismfocalis congenitalis hyperinsulinismushyperinsulinaemiás hypoglykaemiahyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Surgical Gastroenterology
  • Medical Genetics

Context:

  • Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy.
  • Focal lesions are identified in 50% of CHI cases, offering a potential surgical cure.
  • Timely diagnosis and intervention prevent severe hypoglycemia-induced brain damage.

Purpose:

  • To report successful surgical management of focal congenital hyperinsulinism in two infant cases.
  • To highlight the importance of genetic testing and 18F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging in diagnosis and localization.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of pancreas lesion enucleation in resolving hyperinsulinism.

Summary:

  • Two male infants with focal CHI, confirmed by ABCC8 gene mutation, underwent successful pancreas lesion enucleation.
  • Preoperative diagnosis was established using genetic analysis and 18F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging.
  • Post-operative follow-up showed sustained euglycemia without morbidities, enabling termination of pharmacological treatment.

Impact:

  • Successful surgical treatment eliminates the need for long-term medical care in focal CHI.
  • Early surgical intervention prevents long-term neurological complications associated with recurrent hypoglycemia.
  • This case series establishes the feasibility of comprehensive diagnostic and surgical care for focal CHI in Hungary, potentially reducing patient morbidity and healthcare costs.