Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

18.5K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
18.5K
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases

17.5K

The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
17.5K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

41.6K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
41.6K
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.7K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.7K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

2.8K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
2.8K
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

1.8K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of an acyclic alkyl-imino-phosphenium cation.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Stable in Four Oxidation States: Exploring the Redox-Variability of Molybdenum and Tungsten Triazolylidene Complexes.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of the phosphorus and arsenic analogues of the thiocyanate anion.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

Isolable Phosphonioacetylides as Strong Neutral Carbon Donors with Variable Steric Demand and Tunable Donor Properties.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Cationic Group 13/14/15 Element Chain Compounds with Pnictogen-Donor Ligands.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Stereochemical Aspects in the Context of the Structure-Activity Relationship of Chlorido[<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>'-bis(chloro/bromosalicylidene)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diaminoethane]iron(III) Complexes.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

8.6K

NHC-Stabilized Mixed Group 13/14/15 Element Hydrides.

Matthias T Ackermann1, Robert Szlosek1, Christoph Riesinger1

  • 1Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Novel N-heterocyclic carbene adducts of group 13-15 element hydrides were synthesized. Researchers discovered a unique inorganic heterocycle and explored reaction pathways and decomposition using DFT computations.

Keywords:
boroncarbenesgermaniuminorganic hydridesphosphorus

More Related Videos

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
10:52

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Published on: July 27, 2022

2.8K
Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

9.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2025

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

8.6K
Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
10:52

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Published on: July 27, 2022

2.8K
Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

9.7K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

  • N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are versatile ligands in coordination chemistry.
  • Element hydrides from groups 13, 14, and 15 offer unique bonding and reactivity.
  • The synthesis of novel adducts combining these components is of significant interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the synthesis of new NHC adducts with group 13, 14, and 15 element hydrides.
  • To investigate the formation of isomers and novel inorganic heterocyclic structures.
  • To explore the reactivity and decomposition pathways of these novel compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Salt metathesis reactions were employed for the synthesis of NHC-element hydride adducts.
  • Reaction conditions were optimized to favor specific isomers.
  • Purification attempts led to the isolation of a novel inorganic heterocycle.
  • NMR spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations were used for characterization and mechanistic studies.

Main Results:

  • Novel NHC adducts of group 13, 14, and 15 element hydrides were successfully synthesized.
  • Isomerization of adducts was observed and controlled by altering reaction conditions.
  • A unique anionic cyclohexyl-like inorganic heterocycle, [PHGeH2BH2PH2BH2GeH2]-, was isolated.
  • Borane adducts with extended chain structures were formed and characterized.
  • DFT computations provided insights into isomerization mechanisms and decomposition pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the successful synthesis and characterization of novel NHC adducts with diverse group element hydrides.
  • The discovery of a new inorganic heterocycle highlights the potential for complex structure formation.
  • Mechanistic understanding of isomerization and decomposition was advanced through computational analysis.