Application of spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics to the authenticity and quality attributes of rice

Rice is a staple food for two-thirds of the world's population and is grown in over a hundred countries around the world. Due to its large scale, it is vulnerable to adulteration. In addition, the quality attribute of rice is an important factor affecting the circulation and price, which is also paid more and more attention. The combination of spectroscopy and chemometrics enables rapid detection of authenticity and quality attributes in rice. This article described the application of seven spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometrics to the rice industry. For a long time, near-infrared spectroscopy and linear chemometric methods (e.g., PLSR and PLS-DA) have been widely used in the rice industry. Although some studies have achieved good accuracy, with models in many studies having greater than 90% accuracy. However, higher accuracy and stability were more likely to be obtained using multiple spectroscopic techniques, nonlinear chemometric methods, and key wavelength selection algorithms. Future research should develop larger rice databases to include more rice varieties and larger amounts of rice depending on the type of rice, and then combine various spectroscopic techniques, nonlinear chemometric methods, and key wavelength selection algorithms. This article provided a reference for a more efficient and accurate determination of rice quality and authenticity.