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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Heat Flow and Specific Heat01:12

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

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Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is...
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Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Nonreciprocal Heat Circulation Metadevices.

Ran Ju1,2,3,4, Pei-Chao Cao1,2,3,4, Dong Wang1,2,3,4

  • 1Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|November 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel convection-based thermal metadevice for nonreciprocal heat circulation. This breakthrough unifies dynamic and steady-state thermal nonreciprocity, offering new possibilities for thermal management and beyond.

Keywords:
dynamic and steady-state nonreciprocitymultiple scatteringnonreciprocal heat transferresonance effectsthermal metamaterials

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Metamaterials Science
  • Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Traditional thermal nonreciprocity relies on nonlinearity or time-varying parameters, often requiring separate treatments for dynamic and steady-state conditions.
  • Existing methods face limitations due to temperature-dependent material properties and the law of mass conservation.
  • Previous research has treated dynamic and steady-state thermal nonreciprocity as distinct phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a unified theory for thermal scattering applicable to both dynamic and steady-state conditions.
  • To introduce a convection-based thermal metadevice capable of nonreciprocal heat circulation.
  • To demonstrate a novel mechanism for achieving thermal nonreciprocity in a three-port system.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a unified thermal scattering theory.
  • Design and fabrication of a convection-based thermal metadevice.
  • Experimental validation using heat flux measurements and analysis of scattering matrices.

Main Results:

  • The proposed thermal metadevice successfully supports both dynamic and steady-state nonreciprocal heat circulation.
  • A unique nonreciprocal mechanism involving multiple scattering was identified for steady-state operation.
  • The device demonstrated significant isolation of heat fluxes, validating the experimental findings.

Conclusions:

  • A unified framework for thermal nonreciprocity has been established, bridging dynamic and steady-state phenomena.
  • The developed thermal metadevice offers tunable nonreciprocity for dynamic and steady-state heat signals.
  • The findings provide insights applicable to broader heat transfer problems and other wave-based fields like acoustics and mechanics.