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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Light-Mediated Polymerization Catalyzed by Carbon Nanomaterials.

Xiongfei Luo1,2, Yingxiang Zhai1, Ping Wang1,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|November 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Carbon dots and carbon nitrides are novel heterogeneous photoinitiators for radical and cationic polymerization. These nanomaterials offer improved performance and oxygen tolerance for applications like 3D printing and hydrogel engineering.

Keywords:
RDRPcarbon dotscarbon nitridescationic photopolymerizationradical photopolymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Homogeneous photoinitiators present limitations in polymerization processes.
  • Carbon nanomaterials offer a novel alternative with enhanced properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the preparation and photocatalytic performance of carbon dots and carbon nitrides as heterogeneous photoinitiators.
  • To highlight their applications in various photopolymerization techniques.
  • To discuss their potential in addressing contemporary challenges and future prospects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on carbon dots and carbon nitrides synthesis.
  • Analysis of photocatalytic activity in polymerization.
  • Evaluation of performance in free radical, RAFT, ATRP, and cationic photopolymerization.

Main Results:

  • Carbon dots and carbon nitrides function effectively as heterogeneous photoinitiators.
  • These nanomaterials demonstrate broad applicability across different polymerization methods.
  • Carbon nitrides show exceptional oxygen tolerance, beneficial for radical polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon nanomaterials represent a significant advancement in photopolymerization technology.
  • Their tunable properties and oxygen tolerance open new avenues for applications.
  • Further research into these materials will drive innovation in areas like 3D printing and hydrogel engineering.