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Related Concept Videos

The Colonization of Land02:22

The Colonization of Land

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Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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A visionary platform for decolonization: The Red Deal.

Mohamad H Al-Chami1, Wendy Gifford1,2,3, Veldon Coburn4

  • 1School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Nursing Philosophy : an International Journal for Healthcare Professionals
|November 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Decolonization in nursing requires acknowledging colonial harms and systemic racism against Indigenous Peoples. It involves disrupting assumptions and embracing Indigenous knowledge systems, moving beyond metaphor to a political project for true change.

Keywords:
The Red Dealapolitical nursingcaretaking thesiscritical emancipatory approachindigenous epistemologynursing decolonization

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Area of Science:

  • Nursing
  • Indigenous Studies
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Colonialism has created an eliminatory structure impacting Indigenous ways of knowing and doing within Canadian institutions.
  • Nursing practices can perpetuate systemic racism, marginalization, and discrimination against Indigenous Peoples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose decolonization as a political project within nursing, moving beyond metaphorical interpretations.
  • To explore The Red Deal as a framework for decolonizing nursing knowledge development and practice.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical and present-day circumstances within Canadian social and health institutions.
  • Critique of current approaches to decolonization in research and education.
  • Application of The Red Deal's philosophical dimensions to nursing caretaking.

Main Results:

  • Changing language in research and curricula risks turning decolonization into a metaphor.
  • Nurses must acknowledge their role in colonial harms and disrupt perpetuating assumptions.
  • Upholding Indigenous ways of knowing and doing is crucial for health, healing, and living.

Conclusions:

  • Decolonization in nursing demands a political commitment to dismantling oppressive structures.
  • A critical emancipatory approach is needed, recognizing land dispossession and adopting a multilogical knowledge vision.
  • The Red Deal offers a visionary platform for decolonizing nursing by revoking capitalist norms and embracing diverse knowledge systems.