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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Updated: Jul 9, 2025

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Hydronium Intercalation Enables High Rate in Hexagonal Molybdate Single Crystals.

Haocheng Guo1,2, Sicheng Wu1, Wen Chen2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|November 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers demonstrated hydronium intercalation in hexagonal molybdates, enabling high-rate proton charge storage. This breakthrough advances fast-charging, long-lasting batteries by revealing new possibilities in proton electrochemistry.

Keywords:
hexagonal molybdateshydronium intercalationoperando XRDsingle-crystal electrodesolid-state NMR

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Rapid proton transport in solid hosts is crucial for high-rate Faradaic electrodes.
  • Exploring hydronium intercalation is key to advancing proton-based charge storage technologies.
  • The intercalation of hydronium ions in novel host materials remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of hexagonal molybdates as hosts for hydronium intercalation.
  • To demonstrate and characterize hydronium (de)intercalation in these new materials.
  • To explore the performance of these materials in proton-based charge storage applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of hexagonal molybdates with the general formula (A2 O)x ·MoO3 ·(H2 O)y (A = Na+, NH4+).
  • Electrochemical testing to evaluate battery-type reduction and intercalation pseudocapacitance.
  • Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mechanistic studies.

Main Results:

  • Hexagonal molybdates exhibit initial battery-type reduction followed by intercalation pseudocapacitance.
  • Electrodes achieved a fast rate of 200 C (40 A g-1) and a long lifespan of 30,000 cycles.
  • Solid-state NMR confirmed hydronium intercalation, while operando EQCM and XRD revealed distinct intercalation behaviors influenced by electrolyte concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Hydronium intercalation is successfully demonstrated in hexagonal molybdates, offering a new avenue for proton charge storage.
  • The materials exhibit excellent rate capability and cycling stability, suitable for high-power applications.
  • Structural characterizations suggest that solvation extent minimally influences equilibrium products, providing key insights into proton electrochemistry for advanced batteries.